Organism (Single) ⇨ Population (Group of organism of same species) ⇨ Community (Group of population which may be of same or different type).

Characteristics of living organism:

• Living organism shows Metabolism (chemical reactions occuring inside body).
• Living organism posses cellular organisation.
• Ability to sense the physical, chemical, biological and environmental stimuli.
• Consciousness (not self consciousness, it is the property of human being not living being).

Definition of Living Organism:

Living organisms are self replicating, self evolving, self regulating interactive system capable of responding to external stimuli

Diversity of Living World

The number of known species is in the range of 1.7-1.8 million (many still unknown/extinct)

Biodiversity: The number and type of organism present on earth

Nomenclature: The process of giving names to a particular living organism so that it is known by the same name all over the world so that there is no confusion, is called Nomenclature

ICBN - International Code for Botanical Nomenclature

ICZN - International Code of Zoological Nomenclature

Binomial Nomenclature - At present, the naming procedure follows Binomial nomenclature i.e. the name given to the organism has two components (Generic name & Specific epithet). This type of naming system is given Carolus Linnaeus. This naming system using a two word format was found convenient.

For e.g.

Rules for writing bionomial or Scientific Name

• When printed the bionomial name is printed in italics.
• When handwritten they are separately underlined (space between them)
• Generic name (which denotes Genus) first letter of which is written in Capital letter and specific epither (which denotes species) always start with small letter
• Bionomial/Biological/Scientific names are generally in Latin (dead language)

Classification - Classification is the process of grouping something based on convenient categories for easy processing observable characters.

Taxonomy - The entire process of grouping organisms into categories is called Taxonomy (Principles and procedure of classification)

Basic Step of taxonomy:

• Characteristics - Observe its characters
• Identification - Identify its characters
• Classification - Put it into suitable section
• Nomenclature - Give it a biological name

Systematics - it is the branch of science that deals with the classification of organisms based on their diversties and relationship among them.

Taxonomic Hierarchy - Arrangement of vaious steps of classification.

Species ⇨ Genus ⇨ Family ⇨ Order ⇨ Class ⇨ Phylum/Division ⇨ Kingdom

Defination of species:

• It is the basic unit of classification
• Species are the group of organism that can interbreed among themselves and can produce fertile offspring
• The biological concept of species was given by Ernst Myer (Darwin of 20th century)

Taxonomy - Taxonomy is the branch of science which deals with principle & procedure of classification.
It is needed in agriculture, forestry, industry in knowing our biodiversity & bio resources.

Taxonomic AIDS

1. Herbarium
• It is a store house that contain dried plant specimen that are preserved & pressed on sheets.
• These specimen alongwith their description on herbarium sheet become store house or repository for future use.
• The herbarium sheets contain plant specimen, Botanical name, English name, local name, family of plant, collector's name and date & place of collection.
• Quick Referral System


2. Museum
• Set up in education Institutes
• Collection of preserved plant & animals for study & reference.


3. Zoological Park
• It is a place where wild animals are kept in protected environment.
• Useful to study their food habit & behaviour.


4. Key
• Used for identification of plant & animals based on similarities & disimalarities.
• It represent a choice made between two opposite options.
• Keys are analytical in nature.


5. Flora (only for plants)
• It contains the actual habitat & disribution of plants of a given area


6. Manuals
• It contains information for identification of name of species found in a given area.


7. Monograph
• It gives information about a particular taxan.

Additionally Students can book tuitions from our many available program options for any guidance they require to understand the concepts at affordable rates. We suggest A Mentor for each student for one to one tuition so that teacher can directly understand the child’s need and provide specific solution.